1. Equipment composition and performance indicators

3MN single-compression and superimposed force standard machine:

1) Measuring range: 300kN-3MN

2) Configuration list:

1.1. Detailed technical indicators

2. Technical description of the superimposed force standard machine

2.1. CNC servo hydraulic control system

The CNC servo hydraulic control system adopts dual-pump CNC servo differential control technology, which involves "two servo motors controlling two oil pumps to form two sets of servo drive units, respectively. These two sets of servo drive units control the oil inlet and return of the hydraulic cylinder, dynamically adjusting the volume of oil inlet and return to achieve high-precision control.".

Controlled flow rate: 0~2000 ml/min

Control pressure: 0~25Mpa

Force source control fluctuation: <0.5/10-5

2.2 Control principle

Under ideal conditions, the servo motor directly drives the oil pump, and the speed and torque of the servo motor, as well as the pressure and flow required by the actuator, satisfy the following relationship through derivation:

P=p×Q （1）

Q=n×q （2）

From equations (1) and (2), we can derive

P= p×n×q （3）

Due to:

Substituting formula (3) into formula (4) yields

In the formula, P represents the system power (W)

p - system pressure (Pa)

Q - Flow rate (m3/s)

Tw - torque (N·m)

n - Motor speed (r/s)

q - oil pump displacement (m3/r)

According to, it is a constant in an ideal system, so the torque of the servo motor is proportional to the pressure required by the system. According to Q=n×q, it can be seen that the speed of the servo motor is proportional to the required flow rate of the system.

From this, it can be deduced that by dynamically adjusting the torque and speed of the servo motor, the pressure and flow required by the actuator can be provided. This is the basic principle of this control system.

2.3 Problems that will be faced in practical applications:

a) Oil cylinder:

In practical applications, hydraulic cylinders all exhibit varying degrees of leakage, which is uncertain. The magnitude of the leakage varies greatly depending on system pressure and temperature, and it is nonlinear.

b) Oil pump characteristics:

Every oil pump has a working range. Below this range, the output of the oil pump increases nonlinearly, and the pulsation of the oil pump becomes very large, which will lead to instability in the hydraulic system.

c) Servo motor:

Currently, servo motors produced both domestically and internationally exhibit certain limitations in terms of stability when operating at very low speeds, but they perform very smoothly at higher speeds.

2.4 Solution:

Based on the aforementioned theory and analysis, the differential method is employed to enable two servo motors to independently control two oil pumps. These two oil pumps, in turn, regulate the inlet and return oil of the cylinder, respectively. The pressure of the cylinder is adjusted based on the speed difference between the two oil pumps. Theoretically, adopting this approach can address the following issues:

Every oil pump has a working range. Below this range, the output of the oil pump increases nonlinearly, and the pulsation of the oil pump becomes very large. This will lead to instability in the hydraulic system, which is determined by the structure and characteristics of the oil pump.

For example, in a 500kN hydraulic power unit, an external gear pump with a displacement of 1.0ml/r and 100 gear teeth is used. Under ideal conditions, the minimum oil output resolution of one gear pump is 1.0ml/100=0.01ml.

According to the experiment, at the 20kN force measurement point, the average rotational speed is 3.1r/min. This means that the oil supply requirement from the cylinder to the oil pump is: 1.0ml/r * 3.1 r/min = 3.1 ml/min. The control speed adopted is 100Hz (adjustment 100 times per second), which translates to 60*100=6000 times/min. This requires a minimum flow rate resolution of: 3.1/6000=0.00052ml. Clearly, it is difficult to meet such high-precision control requirements with a single oil pump.

For this purpose, two servo motors are used to control two oil pumps respectively, which in turn control the inlet and return oil of the cylinder. The difference in rotational speed between the two oil pumps multiplied by the displacement of the oil pump equals the oil supply volume to the cylinder. In terms of control, the rotational speed of the return oil pump is set to 300 r/min. Thus, at the 20kN force measurement point, the rotational speed of the inlet oil pump is theoretically 303.1 r/min. Although the oil supply volume to the cylinder from the two oil pumps remains at 3.1 ml/min in this state, with the oil pump rotational speed at 300 r/min, the minimum division after superimposing the flow rates of the two oil pumps is: 3.1/100/300=0.00001 ml. This fully meets the minimum division requirement of 0.00052 ml for flow rate.

Since the two servo motors operate at a speed of around 300 r/min, they can run very smoothly.

Due to the presence of an oil pump controlling the return oil, after the oil cylinder is treated with methods such as using sealing rings, its leakage is much slower than the return oil speed of the pump. Furthermore, this leakage can be resolved by reducing the return oil speed of the pump, which is equivalent to creating an environment with relatively constant leakage.

In summary, using two servo motors to control two oil pumps respectively, and the two oil pumps to control the inlet and return of the oil cylinder respectively, can solve the problem:

a) Subdivide the flow rate of the hydraulic power source according to the control requirements to improve resolution.

b) Ensure that both the servo motor and the oil pump operate within their ideal operating ranges.

c) Control the uncertain leakage of the hydraulic cylinder to a relatively constant level, ensuring precision in force source control.

2.4.1 Control principle:

The computer (9) sets the standard force value according to the detection points (which can be multiple) required by the sensor under test (12). After starting the test, the computer (9) collects the actual signal of the standard sensor (13) through the standard sensor instrument (11), and sends speed and torque commands to the servo controller through computation. Servo controller 1 controls the speed and torque of oil pump 1 (8-1), and supplies oil to the cylinder (4) through the directional valve (5-1). Servo controller 2 controls the servo motor 2 (7-2) to control the speed and torque of oil pump 2 (8-2), and returns oil to the cylinder (4) through the directional valve (5-1). The difference in speed between oil pump 1 (8-1) and oil pump 2 (8-2) determines the advance and retreat, pressure, and speed of the cylinder (4).

The oil cylinder (4) sends real-time signals to the computer (9) through the standard sensor instrument (11) and standard sensor (13). The computer (9) sends speed and torque commands to servo controller 1 and servo controller 2 in real time through computation, forming a closed-loop control. Until the force value of the standard sensor (13) reaches the set force value, the measured instrument (10) collects the signal value of the measured sensor (12) at the set force value.

If there are multiple points to be detected, proceed to the detection of the next point and complete the detection point by point.

2.4.2. Component Function

1) Computer and control software

Equipped with working software under the Windows environment, it performs standard machine human-machine dialogue, controls parameter calculation, and handles functions such as experimental data acquisition, processing, storage, and screen display. The reserved ports provide LAN sharing and processing capabilities for experimental data.

2) standard instrument

Collect signals from sensors of the force standard machine under different force conditions and provide them to the computer for computer control and experimental data acquisition.

3) Servo motor and controller:

According to the instructions of the computer, provide a certain speed and torque to the servo oil pump.

4) Servo oil pump:

Based on the speed and torque of the servo motor, a certain pressure and flow rate are provided to the cylinder.

5) Electromagnetic directional valve:

Control the lifting and lowering of the hydraulic cylinder.

6) Overflow valve:

Overload protection controls the maximum pressure of the hydraulic cylinder and servo oil pump.

2.4.3. Electrical control system

2) Data acquisition unit

The data acquisition unit consists of a high-precision controller, RS232, RS485 interfaces, etc.

The high-precision controller is the core component of the data acquisition unit: the self-developed CLY-2008-1 high-precision acquisition instrument, with a capacity of 600,000 codes and the ability to expand up to 12 channels, is used to acquire the output signals of the verified sensors and transmit them to the control computer for data processing.

3) Data processing unit

The data processing unit consists of a control computer and a printer.

For ease of operation, the control computer is chosen from well-known domestic brands such as Lenovo commercial computers or industrial control computers. The computer communicates with high-precision control instruments and sensors through interfaces such as RS232 and RS485 to process data transmitted by the data acquisition unit. It performs data processing according to the requirements of the verification regulations, and forms calibration or verification data documents.

To ensure system security and prevent issues such as computer virus intrusion from damaging the system, computers must be used exclusively for their designated purposes and cannot be used for other purposes.

The printer is used for data printing or certificate printing, and an HP laser printer is selected.

software component

The role of system software is to cooperate with relevant hardware to achieve sensor calibration or verification.

Working principle

It is generally used for verifying or calibrating sensors. The "inverse effect" caused by force fluctuations at the force measurement point can affect detection accuracy. A set of computer program algorithms is formed through mathematical methods to achieve rapid and high-precision positioning, and rapid control software is developed.

Multi-level exponential decay was adopted, but its adaptability was not strong, and there were significant differences among various machines. Therefore, the dynamic control frequency was increased (≥100Hz), greatly enhancing adaptability. To improve the control effect, a variable parameter table was established using mathematical methods, enabling rapid and accurate positioning without overshooting. The above methods were mathematically formulated into a complete set of computer program algorithms to achieve rapid and high-precision positioning.

Main Functions

Software design and development for programmable controllers, developing fast-running software programs, with the main functions of:

1) Fully complying with the requirements for testing stipulated in standards and regulations such as "JJG1116-2015 Verification Regulation for Force Standard Machines", "JJG144-2007 Verification Regulation for Standard Force Measuring Instruments", "JJG391-2009 Verification Regulation for Force Transducers", and "JJG 669-2003 Verification Regulation for Load Cells", the software has been developed to enable automatic data acquisition and processing.

2) The system software automatically generates original records and certificates, and prints verification results in accordance with national verification procedures, production process specifications, and management requirements.

3) It facilitates the input of various information required for verification and features a memory function for information that does not change frequently (such as standard parameters).

4) Complete, flexible, and convenient online documentation allows users to quickly access help when encountering issues during software usage by clicking the "Help" button.

5) Multi-unit conversion function: kg, t, N, kN, lbs, etc. can be converted to each other.

6) The relevant parameters of the verification, calibration, and testing processes can be visually and intuitively displayed on a computer.

7) Multiple protections: maximum signal protection for standard sensors, overload protection for the measured range of the verified sensor, and hydraulic overload protection.

8) It has good fault tolerance and provides timely prompts for abnormal situations that occur during the verification process.

9) Ensure data security, and test data must not be altered.

10) It features password protection, including a separate administrator management interface.

11) It features a flexible query function that allows for the retrieval of historical records based on information such as calibration date and sensor number.

For the Microsoft XP operating system software platform, we utilize VC combined with the MFC class library of VB to provide object-oriented programming capabilities. The development interface is based on a single-document format, which is simple and clear. We employ threads for serial communication, avoiding the situation where the program crashes due to serial communication wiring failures.

In the system, various parts that need to be monitored are displayed on the interface using graphical elements (icons) with similar shapes, thus forming an animated model on the computer screen that can visually, vividly, and comprehensively express the mechanical structure of the equipment. Software technology is used to integrate bidirectional information between the control computer and the monitored equipment, display the operating status in real time, automatically draw loading curves according to the working steps, and establish a connection between the working components of the equipment that need to be monitored and the animated components on the screen, achieving the function of representing the working status in the form of animation and issuing control instructions by clicking on the animated components with the mouse.

In addition to automatic operation, it can also achieve intuitive and simple operation, as well as visualization of the execution process. After the experiment is completed, it can automatically calculate and output the data processing results.

1) work software

Equipped with working software under the Windows environment, it performs standard machine human-machine dialogue, controls parameter computation, and handles functions such as experimental data acquisition, processing, storage, and screen display. The reserved ports provide LAN sharing and processing capabilities for experimental data.

If required by the customer, the software can be upgraded according to their specifications to ensure compliance with the required calibration methods and report processing.

If our company has any software-related improvements and innovations, we promise to proactively inform you and provide free upgrades.

2) Multi-channel control software

Equipped with 5 channels, it can record 5 standard sensor parameters, meeting the metrological needs of multiple standard sources and multiple measurement ranges with one device.

3) Multiple force units can be switched at any time

Units such as kilonewtons, kilograms, tons, and pounds can be freely switched at any time to meet the needs of different force units.

4) Multi-gravity overload protection function

• Hardware protection:

- Limit protection for moving parts such as hydraulic cylinders and moving beams

- Maximum pressure protection of overflow valve system

- The emergency stop button manually cuts off the power supply in case of emergency

• Software protection:

- Maximum signal protection for standard sensors

- Overload protection for the measured sensor range

- Protection of servo drive operating status